Archive

In this first instalment of HFW’s series of briefings on the legal risks to shipping from GPS jamming and AIS spoofing, we explain what jamming and spoofing involves, before considering the specific threat to vessels in the context of collisions and groundings. Vessels rely on global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) for navigation, routing, and situational awareness. There are four major GNSS in operation; China’s Beidou, […]

The Convention on Negotiable Cargo Documents (the Convention) is is the work of The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) over the last few years. It was adopted by the UN General Assembly in October 2025. It will open for signature in Ghana later this year and will be known as the Accra Convention on Negotiable Cargo Documents. Purpose To date, only sea carriage has benefitted from […]